The Phenomenology of Depression as a Modification of the Own Experience of the Self: Body Opacity, Temporal Desynchronization and Guiltiness
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37467/gka-revmedica.v2.1308Keywords:
Depression, Phenomenology, Corporeality, Desynchronization, Guilt, Narrative Self,, Postmodern SocietyAbstract
Last years, phenomenology has demonstrated its own value in the field of medicine with useful distinctions as the one among illness and disease. It has also contributed to psychiatry. Some inter-disciplinary works about mental illnesses can be found. The phenomenological description of the melancholic depression patient has three main features: a) the transformation of his own body experience; b) a continuous feeling of guilt; and c) a time experience which is desynchronized from the otherness. This paper aims to synthetize this phenomenological research about depression, which has been considered one of the plagues of our time. Moreover, it tries to explain how these changes in the patient’s experience can imply certain modifications of his own self-experience.
References
Anatrella, T. (1994): Contra la sociedad depresiva , Santander, Sal Terrae.
Askay, R. (2001): “Heidegger’s Philosophy and its Implications for Psychology, Freud, and Existential Psychoanalysis”, en: Boss, M. (ed): Zollikon Seminars: Protocols-Conversations- Letters , Evanston, Northwestern University Press, pp. 301-315.
Auster, P. (2012): Diario de invierno , Barcelona, Anagrama.
Barondness, J.A. (1979): “Disease and illness – a crucial distinction”, Am J Med , 66 (3): 375-376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(79)91054-4
Barraycoa, J. (2005): Tiempo muerto: tribalismo, civilización y neotribalismo , Barcelona, Scire.
Bauman, Z. (2004): Modernidad líquida , Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Binswanger, L. (1975): Being-in-the-world: Selected Papers of Ludwig Binswanger , London, Souvenir Books.
Bruner, J. (2002): Making Stories: Law, Literatura, Life . Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press.
Charmaz, K. (1983): “Loss of self: a fundamental form of suffering in the chronically ill”, Sociology of Health and Illness , 5 (2): 168-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.ep10491512
Charmaz, K. (2002): “The Self as Habit: The ReconstructIon of Self in Chronic Illness”, The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research , 22: 31S-41S. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15394492020220S105
Charon, R. (2006): Narrative Medicine. Honoring the Stories of Illness , Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Carretero, E. (2003): “Postmodernidad e imaginario. Una aproximación teórica”, Foro Interno, 3: 87-101.
Damasio, A. (1999): The Feeling of What Happens , London, Vintage.
Depraz, N. (2003): “Putting the Epoché into Practice: schizophrenic Experience as Illustrating the Phenomenological Exploration of Conciousness”, en: Fulford, K.W.M., Morris, K., Sadler, J, y Stanghellini, G. (eds): Nature and Narrative: An Introduction to the New Philosophy of Psychiatry, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 187-198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198526117.003.0012
Felton, B. (1987): “Cohort variation in happiness”, International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 25: 27-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/5LC0-LFA2-30VW-UGBV
Foucault, M. (2001): Los Anormales. Curso del Collège de France (1974-1975) , Madrid, Akal.
Frank, A. (1995): The Wounded Storyteller. Body, Illness, and Ethics , Chicago, The University of Chicago Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226260037.001.0001
Fuchs, T. (1999a): “Life Events in Late Paraphrenia and Depression”, Psychopathology , 32 (2): 60-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000029069
Fuchs, T. (1999b): “Patterns of Relation and Premorbid Personality in Late Paraphrenia and Depression”, Psychopathology , 32: 70-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000029070
Fuchs, T. (2001): “Melancholia as Desynchronization: Towards a Psycopathology of Interpersonal Time”, Psychopathology , 34: 179-186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000049304
Fuchs, T. (2003): “The Phenomenology of Shame, Guilt and the Body in Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Depression”, Journal of Phenomenological Psychology , 33 (2): 223-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15691620260622903
Fuchs, T. (2005): “Corporealized and Disembodied Minds. A Phenomenological View of the Body in Melancholia and Schizophrenia”, Philosophy, Psychiatry & Psychology , 12 (2): 95-107.
Fuchs, T. (2007): “Fragmented Selves: Temporality and Identity in Borderline Personality Disorder”, Psychopathology , 40: 379-387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000106468
Fuchs, T. y Schlimme, E. (2009): “Embodiment and psychopathology: a phenomenological perspective”, Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 22: 570-575. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283318e5c
Gallagher, S. (2000): “Philosophical Conceptions of the Self: Implications for cognitive Science”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 4 (1): 15-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01417-5
Gallagher, S. y Zahavi, D. (2008): The Phenomenological Mind. An introduction to philosophy of mind and cognitive science , New York, Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203086599
Gallese, V. (2001): “The ‘shared manifold’ hypothesis. From mirror neurons to empathy”, Journal of Conciousness Studies , 8: 33-50.
Ghaemi, S.N. (2007): “Feeling and Time: The Phenomenology of Mood Disorders, Depressive Realism and Existential Psychotherapy”, Schizophrenia Bulletin , 33 (1): 122-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbl061
Hagnell, O., Lanke, J., Rorsman, B. y Oejesjö, L. (1982): “Are we entering an age of melancholy? Depressive illness in a prospective epidemiological study over 25 years. The Lundby Study, Sweden”, Psychological Medicine , 12: 279-289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700046614
Havens, L.L. (1986): Making Contact: Uses of Language in Psychology , Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press.
Heidegger, M. (1944): El ser y el tiempo , México D.F., Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Hippius, H., Klerman y G., Matussek, N. (eds) (1986): New Results in Depression Research, Berlin, Springer Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70702-5
Hutto. D. D (2008): Folk Psychological Narratives. The Sociological Basis of Understanding Reasons, Cambridge (MA), MIT Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7525.001.0001
Hý den, L.C. (1997): “Illness and narrative”, Sociology of Health & Illness , 19 (1): 48-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.ep10934289
Jennings, D. (1986): “The confusion between disease and illness in clinical medicine”, Philosophy of Medicine , 135: 865-869.
Kangas, I. (2001): “Making sense of depression: perceptions of melancholia in lay narratives”, Health , 5 (1): 76-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/136345930100500104
Karp, D.A. (1996): Speaking of Sadness: Depression, Disconection, and the Meanings of Illness. Oxford, Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195094862.001.0001
Kimura, B. (1992): Ecrits de psychopathology phénoménologique , Paris, Presses Universitaires de France.
Kleinman, A. (1988): The Illness Narratives. Suffering, Healing and the Human Condition , New York, Basic Books.
Klerman, G.L., Lavori, P.W., Rice, J., Reich, T., Endicott, J., Andreasen, N.C., Keller, M.B. y Hirschfield, R.M.A. (1985): “Birth cohort trends in rates of major depressive disorder among relatives of patients with affective disorder”, Arch Gen Psychiatry , 42: 689-695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790300057007
Kristeva, J. (1997): Las nuevas enfermedades del alma , Madrid. Cátedra.
Lamarque, P. (2004): “On not expecting too much from narrative”, Mind & Language , 19 (4): 393-408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0268-1064.2004.00265.x
Lasch, C. (1999): La cultura del narcisismo , Santiago de Chile, Andrés Bello.
Leder, D. (1990): The absent body , Chicago. Chicago University Press.
Levinas E (1993): El tiempo y el otro , Barcelona, Paidós.
Lipovetsky, G (1990): El imperio de lo efímero , Barcelona, Anagrama.
Lyotard, J. F. (1987): La condición posmoderna , Madrid, Cátedra.
MacIntyre, A. (1987): Tras la virtud . Barcelona, Crítica.
Maffesoli, M. (1990): El tiempo de las tribus , Barcelona, Icaria.
Martin, W. (2005): “Lived Time and Psychopathology”, Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology, 12: 173-185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2006.0017
Martínez Lucena, J. (2008): “Narratividad y pre-narratividad de la experiencia en A. MacIntyre C. Taylor, P. Ricoeur y D. Carr”, Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica , 1: 73-109.
Martínez Lucena, J. (2010): “El self narrativo en busca de fundamento en la filosofía contemporánea”, Anuario Filosófico, 43 (3): 589-612.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962): Phenomenology of Perception , London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1963): The Structure of Behavior , Pittsburg (PA), Duquesne University Press.
Parnas, J. (2004): “Belief an Pathology of Self-Awareness: A Phenomenological Contribution to the Classification of Delusions”, Journal of Conciousness Studies , 11 (10-11): 148-161.
Parnas, J., Bovet, P. y Zahavi, D. (2002): “Schizophrenic Autism: Clinical Phenomenology and Pathogenetic Implications”, World Psyquiatry , 1 (3): 131-136.
Parnas, J. y Sass, L.A. (2001): “Self, Solipsism, and Schizophrenic Delusions”, Philosophy, Psychiatry, Psychology , 8 (2-3): 101-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2001.0014
Pinnebaker, J.W. y Seagal, J.D. (1999): “Forming a Story: The Health Benefits of Narrative”, Journal of Clinical Psychology , 55 (10): 1243-1254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199910)55:10<1243::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-N
Plath, S. (1989): La campana de cristal , Barcelona, Edhasa.
Raballo, A., Saebye, D. y Parnas, J. (2011): “Looking at the schizophrenia spectrum through the prism of self-disorders: an empirical study”, Schizophrenia Bulletin , 37 (2): 344-351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp056
Ratcliffe, M. (2004): “Interpreting Delusions”, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 3: 25-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PHEN.0000041899.08813.38
Ratcliffe, M. (2008): Feelings of being. Phenomenology, psychiatry and the sense of reality , Oxford, Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199206469.001.0001
Regier, D. et al. (1988): “One month prevalence of mental disorders in United States”, Archives of General Psychiatry , 45: 977-986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800350011002
Ricoeur, P. (1985): Temps et Récit III: Le temps raconté, Paris, Du Seuil.
Ricoeur, P. (1996): Sí mismo como otro, Madrid, Siglo XXI.
Sartre, J.P. (1956): Being and nothingness , New York, Philosophical Library.
Sass, L.A. (1992): Madness and modernism. Insanity in the light of modern art , New York, Basic Books.
Sass, L.A. (1994): The Paradoxes of Delusion. Wittgenstein, Schreber and the Schizophrenic Mind , Ithaca, Cornell University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501732560
Sass, L.A. and Parnas, J. (2003): “Schizophrenia, Conciousness, and the Self”, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29 (3): 427-424. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007017
Styron, W. (2009): Esa visible oscuridad , Barcelona, La otra orilla.
Taylor. C. (1994): La ética de la autenticidad , Barcelona: Paidós.
Taylor. C. (2006): Fuentes del yo. La construcción de la identidad moderna , Barcelona: Paidós.
Toombs, S.K. (1987): “The meaning of illness: A phenomenological approach to the patientphysician relationship”, The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy , 12: 219-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/12.3.219
Solomon, A. (2003): El demonio de la depresión , Madrid, Ediciones B.
Vice, S. (2003): “Literature and the narrative self”, Philosophy , 78: 93-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819103000068
Wells, L.A. (2003): “Discontinuity in Personal Narrative: Some Perspectives of Patients”, Philosophy, Psychiatry & Psychology , 10 (4): 297-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2004.0028
Wiggins, O. y Schwatz, M.A. (2007): “Schizophrenia: A Phenomenological-Anthropological Approach”, en; Chung, M.C., Fulford, K.W.M. y Graham, G. (eds): Reconceiving Schizophrenia, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp 113-127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198526131.003.0006
Zahavi, D. (2005): Subjectivity and Selfhood. Investigating the First-Person Perspective , Cambridge (MA), MIT Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6541.001.0001
Zahavi, D. (2007): “Self and Other: The limits of narrative understanding”, en: Hutto, D. (ed.): Narrative and Understanding Persons , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 179-202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511627903.010
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Those authors who publish in this journal accept the following terms:
- Authors will keep the moral right of the work and they will transfer the commercial rights.
- After 1 year from publication, the work shall thereafter be open access online on our website, but will retain copyright.
- In the event that the authors wish to assign an Creative Commons (CC) license, they may request it by writing to publishing@eagora.org
